转基因棉花基因花粉散布频率及距离的研究

选用从国外引进的和我国自己培育的Ｂｔ基因抗虫棉和转ｔｆｄ Ａ基因抗除草剂棉花，研究了外源Ｂｔ基因和ｔｆｄ Ａ基因向周围环境遗传漂流的频率和距离。结果表明：无论是我国自行培育的转基因棉花，还是从国外引进的转基因棉花；无论是转Ｂｔ基因棉花，还是转ｔｆｄ Ａ基因棉花，导入到棉株体内的外源基因均可向周围环境漂流，其最高漂流频率为１０．４８％，最远漂流距离可达５０ｍ。防止外源基因向周围环境扩散的最有效方法是     

籽棉和皮棉阴燃特性的对比实验研究

分别对具有相同尺寸、相同质量的籽棉和皮棉进行阴燃实验并对实验结果进行对比分析,得到在无外部辐射热源的自然条件下,发生阴燃时皮棉的温升速率较大、阴燃最高温度较高、阴燃前期600s内的CO生成速率和质量流量较大,但籽棉的阴燃时间较长,约为皮棉阴燃时间的4倍;同时将阴燃分为三个阶段,在阴燃的缓慢发展阶段和衰减阶段,籽棉阴燃的火灾危险性较大,在快速发展阶段,皮棉阴燃的火灾危险性较大。     

Response of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), fed on cotton bolls under elevated CO2

The growth, development and consumption of successive three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera （Htibner）, fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2 （double-ambient vs. ambient） in open-top chambers were examined. Significant decreases in protein, total amino acid, water and nitrogen content and increases in free fatty acid were observed in cotton bolls. Changes in quality of cotton bolls affected the growth, development and food utilization of H. armigera. Significantly longer larval development duration in three successive generations and lower pupal weight of the second and third generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower fecundity was also found in successive three generations of H. armigera fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The consumption per larva occurred significant increase in successive three generations and frass per larva were also significantly increased during the second and third generations under elevated CO2. Significantly lower relative growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and significant higher relative consumption rate in successive three generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. Significantly lower potential female fecundity, larval numbers and population consumption were found in the second and third generations of cotton bollworm fed on cotton bolls grown under elevated CO2. The integrative effect of higher larval mortality rate and lower adult fecundity resulted in significant decreases in potential population consumption in the latter two generations. The results show that elevated CO2 adversely affects cotton bolls quality, which indicates the potential population dynamics and potential population consumption of cotton bollworm will alleviate the harm to the plants in the future rising CO2 atmosphere.     

Total arsenic and selenium analysis in Marcellus shale, high-salinity water, and hydrofracture flowback wastewater

Trace levels of arsenic and selenium can be toxic to living organisms yet their quantitation in high ionic strength or high salinity aqueous media is difficult due to the matrix interferences which can either suppress or enhance the analyte signal. A modified thiol cotton fiber (TCF) method employing lower flow rates and centrifugation has been used to remove the analyte from complex aqueous media and minimize the matrix interferences. This method has been tested using a USGS (SGR-1b) certified reference shale. It has been used to analyze Marcellus shale samples following microwave digestion as well as spiked samples of high salinity water (HSW) and flow back wastewater (WRF6) obtained from an actual gas well drilling operation. Quantitation of arsenic and selenium is carried out by graphite furnace atomic spectroscopy (GFAAS). Extraction of arsenic and selenium from Marcellus shale exposed to HSW and WRF6 for varying lengths of time is also reported.     

Oral administration of potassium bromate, a major water disinfection by-product, induces oxidative stress and impairs the antioxidant power of rat blood

Potassium bromate (KBrO₃) is a widely used food additive, a water disinfection by-product and a known nephrotoxic agent. The effect of KBrO₃ on rat blood, especially on the anti-oxidant defense system, was studied in this work. Animals were given a single oral dose of KBrO₃ (100 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after this treatment. Blood was collected from the animals and separated into plasma and erythrocytes. KBrO₃ administration resulted in increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, hydrogen peroxide levels and decreased the reduced glutathione content indicating the induction of oxidative stress in blood. Methemoglobin levels and methemoglobin reductase activity were significantly increased while the total anti-oxidant power was greatly reduced upon KBrO₃ treatment. Nitric oxide levels were enhanced while vitamin C concentration decreased in KBrO₃ treated animals. The activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes were also altered upon KBrO₃ treatment. The maximum changes in all these parameters were 48 h after the administration of KBrO₃ and then recovery took place. These results show for the first time that KBrO₃ induces oxidative stress in blood and impairs the anti-oxidant defense system. Thus impairment in the anti-oxidant power and alterations in the activities of major anti-oxidant enzymes may play an important role in mediating the toxic effects of KBrO₃ in the rat blood. The study of such biochemical events in blood will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of KBrO₃ and also for devising methods to overcome its toxic effects.     

水热改性棉铃壳对水中氟的吸附

采用水热法制备了改性棉铃壳吸附剂,通过比表面积分析仪、扫描电镜和红外光谱仪表征了棉铃壳改性前后表面结构和官能团变化,并通过批实验分析了改性棉铃壳对水中F-吸附动力学及热力学特征,考察了温度、pH对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,磷酸水热改性后棉铃壳比表面积为121.7 m2/g,是改性前的18.5倍;通过水热改性可以减少酸性基团数量,有利于吸附阴离子。氟离子吸附实验结果显示,吸附反应符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir模型能更好地描述反应的单分子层吸附特征,分离因子R L在0~0.5之间。改性棉铃壳对F-的吸附属于自发进行的吸热反应。     

超临界水氧化处理棉纺织品印染废水

在温度400～600℃、压力25 MPa、停留时间10～45 s、过氧比0%～400%条件下,用超临界水氧化（SCWO）法在连续管式反应器中处理棉纺织品印染废水。分析了工艺条件对总有机碳（TOC）及氨氮（NH3-N）降解效率的影响。研究表明,温度是影响TOC降解的最重要因素,不同温度下,降解率随过氧比变化的趋势不同。在450℃、停留时间20 s、过氧比300%时,废水TOC降解达98.94%。NH3-N的降解与反应温度和氧化剂量密切相关。当过氧比300%,温度从400℃上升到600℃时,NH3-N的浓度从55.42 mg/L下降到3.31 mg/L,而600℃没有氧化剂存在时氨不易降解。450℃时随着过氧比增大NH3-N浓度略有下降,在该温度下停留时间延长对NH3-N降解无显著影响。     

玛纳斯县某棉浆粕化纤厂工业循环经济发展模式研究

以新疆玛纳斯进行试点实施循环经济示范县为背繁，以玛纳斯县某棉浆粕化纤厂为例，运用层次分析法、距离函数法建立棉浆粕化纤厂工业循环经济发展模式评价体系。通过实施循环经济生产模式的改造，分别对改造前和改造后的生产模式进行对比评价研究。在发展循环经济后，棉浆粕化纤厂在节能减排、资源再利用方面有了明显的改善，说明实施循环经济对棉浆粕化纤厂发展有一定的推动作用。     

小尺度滴灌棉田土壤硝态氮空间异质性研究

以1 m×0.8 m网格布点采集的土壤样为研究对象,从统计特征值、半方差函数和等直线图几个方面,对比分析3个时期土壤硝态氮养分的空间和时间变异特性。结果表明,各时期的变异系数受棉花的生长、田间作业影响较大。播前和收获期土壤硝态氮的空间结构符合球状模型,初花期则为线性模型,表明硝态氮含量变异是结构性与随机性共同作用的结果。硝态氮的空间变异性播前主要受结构因素影响;初花期主要受随机因素影响;收获后硝态氮含量的空间异质性变化人为因素大于结构因素。     

Analysis of Flax and Cotton Fiber Fabric Blends and Recycled Polyethylene Composites

Manufacturing composites with polymers and natural fibers has traditionally been performed using chopped fibers or a non-woven mat for reinforcement. Fibers from flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) are stiff and strong and can be processed into a yarn and then manufactured into a fabric for composite formation. Fabric directly impacts the composite because it contains various fiber types via fiber or yarn blending, fiber length is often longer due to requirements in yarn formation, and it controls the fiber alignment via weaving. Composites created with cotton and flax-containing commercial fabrics and recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were evaluated for physical and mechanical properties. Flax fiber/recycled HDPE composites were easily prepared through compression molding using a textile preform. This method takes advantage of maintaining cotton and flax fiber lengths that are formed into a yarn (a continuous package of short fibers) and oriented in a bidirectional woven fabric. Fabrics were treated with maleic anhydride, silane, enzyme, or adding maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAA-PE; MDEX 102-1, Exxelor^® VA 1840) to promote interactions between polymer and fibers. Straight and strong flax fibers present problems because they are not bound as tightly within yarns producing weaker and less elastic yarns that contain larger diameter variations. As the blend percentage and mass of flax fibers increases the fabric strength, and elongation generally decrease in value. Compared to recycled HDPE, mechanical properties of composite materials (containing biodegradable and renewable resources) demonstrated significant increases in tensile strength (1.4–3.2 times stronger) and modulus of elasticity (1.4–2.3 times larger). Additional research is needed to improve composite binding characteristics by allowing the stronger flax fibers in fabric to carry the composites load.